Refrigeration systems are made up of major components in series with one another (see Figure 1). As most of us are well aware, the major components are the compressor, discharge line, condenser, ...

A refrigeration system’s compression or pressure ratio is defined as the absolute discharge pressure divided by the absolute suction pressure. Calculating this ratio can be a big help when it comes to ...

Long-time EC&M reader Joe Territo, president of Territo Electric in Ocoee, Fla., knows the importance of the requirements of Art. 440 and its growing role in facilities. A Territo client operates a ...

Article 440 applies to electrically driven air-conditioning (A/C) and refrigeration equipment. Each equipment manufacturer has the compressor motor built to its own specifications. The motors are ...

Cascade refrigeration systems represent a critical advancement in thermal management, particularly in applications requiring ultra‐low temperatures. These systems employ multiple refrigeration cycles ...